Fetal cardiotocography (CTG)

Fetal cardiotocography (CTG) is a non-invasive method for monitoring the condition of the fetus, which simultaneously records the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. CTG helps assess the fetus’s response to movements, uterine contractions, and oxygen supply. The examination is widely used during pregnancy and labor to monitor the well-being of the baby.

Indications

• High-risk pregnancy: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders.
• Intrauterine growth or developmental abnormalities.
• Suspected fetal hypoxia (oxygen deficiency).
• Late pregnancy (after 37 weeks) to assess fetal condition.
• Multiple pregnancy.
• Reduced fetal movements or other concerning symptoms.

Procedure / Duration

• The patient lies on her back or slightly on her side.
• Special sensors are placed on the abdomen: one records the fetal heart rate, the other monitors uterine contractions.
• Sensors are connected to a device that records the data on a graph.
• Standard duration of the examination is 20–40 minutes.
• If necessary, especially in doubtful cases, CTG can be performed longer or repeated.

Contraindications

• CTG has virtually no strict contraindications, as it is a safe and non-invasive method.
• Limitations may occur in case of severe allergy to the sensor gel or skin damage in the area where sensors are applied.

Rehabilitation / Restrictions

• The procedure is completely safe for both mother and fetus.
• After CTG, normal activity can be resumed immediately; there are no special restrictions.
• Sometimes, after lying down for a long time, there may be a slight discomfort or numbness, which passes quickly.

Advantages

• Safety: non-invasive, with no radiation or medication exposure.
• Ability to detect early signs of fetal hypoxia or stress.
• Dynamic monitoring of fetal condition during pregnancy and labor.
• Simple procedure with fast results.

Sources:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4812878/
https://www.acog.org/clinical/search#q=intrapartum%20fetal%20heart%20rate%20monitoring&sort=relevancy
https://www.ejog.org/article/S0301-2115(24)00528-1/fulltext
https://patient.info/pregnancy/cardiotocography